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This page is up to date for Godot 4.2. If you still find outdated information, please open an issue.

Основы C#

Введение

This page provides a brief introduction to C#, both what it is and how to use it in Godot. Afterwards, you may want to look at how to use specific features, read about the differences between the C# and the GDScript API, and (re)visit the Scripting section of the step-by-step tutorial.

C# is a high-level programming language developed by Microsoft. In Godot, it is implemented with .NET 6.0.

Внимание

Projects written in C# using Godot 4 currently cannot be exported to the web platform. To use C# on the web platform, consider Godot 3 instead. Android and iOS platform support is available as of Godot 4.2, but is experimental and some limitations apply.

Примечание

Это не полномасштабное руководство по целому языку C#. Если вы не знакомы с его синтаксисом или возможностями, посмотрите Microsoft C# руководство или поищите подходящее введение где-нибудь ещё.

Требования

Godot bundles the parts of .NET needed to run already compiled games. However, Godot does not bundle the tools required to build and compile games, such as MSBuild and the C# compiler. These are included in the .NET SDK, and need to be installed separately.

In summary, you must have installed the .NET SDK and the .NET-enabled version of Godot.

Download and install the latest stable version of the SDK from the .NET download page.

Важно

Обязательно установите 64-битную версию SDK, если вы используете 64-битную версию Godot.

If you are building Godot from source, make sure to follow the steps to enable .NET support in your build as outlined in the Compiling with .NET page.

Настройка внешнего редактора

C# support in Godot's built-in script editor is minimal. Consider using an external IDE or editor, such as Visual Studio Code or MonoDevelop. These provide autocompletion, debugging, and other useful features for C#. To select an external editor in Godot, click on Editor → Editor Settings and scroll down to Dotnet. Under Dotnet, click on Editor, and select your external editor of choice. Godot currently supports the following external editors:

  • Visual Studio 2022

  • Visuаl Studio Code

  • MonоDevelop

  • Visual Studio для MacOS

  • JetBrains rider

См. cледующие разделы, чтобы узнать, как настроить внешний редактор:

JetBrains rider

Прочитав раздел «Предварительные требования», вы можете загрузить и установить JetBrains Rider.

В меню Редактор→ Настройки редактора Godot:

  • Set Dotnet -> Editor -> External Editor to JetBrains Rider.

В Rider:

  • Установите MSBuild version на .NET Core.

  • Установите плагин Godot support**(**Поддержка Godot).

Visuаl Studio Code

После прочтения раздела "Предварительные условия" вы можете загрузить и установить ` Visual Studio Code <https://code.visualstudio.com/download>`__ (он же VS Code).

В меню Редактор→ Настройки редактора Godot:

  • Set Dotnet -> Editor -> External Editor to Visual Studio Code.

В Visual Studio Code:

  • Установите расширение C# .

Примечание

Если вы используете Linux, вам необходимо установить `Mono SDK <https://www.mono-project.com/download/stable/#download-lin> `__ для работы плагина инструментов C#.

To configure a project for debugging, you need a tasks.json and launch.json file in the .vscode folder with the necessary configuration. An example configuration can be found here . In the launch.json file, make sure the program parameter in the relevant configuration points to your Godot executable, either by changing it to the path of the executable or by defining a GODOT4 environment variable that points to the executable. Now, when you start the debugger in Visual Studio Code, your Godot project will run.

Visual Studio (Только windows)

Загрузите и установите последнюю версию Visual Studio <https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/>`__. Visual Studio будет включать необходимые SDK, если у вас выбраны правильные рабочие нагрузки, поэтому вам не нужно вручную устанавливать вещи, перечисленные в разделе "Предварительные условия".

While installing Visual Studio, select this workload:

  • .NET desktop development

В меню Редактор→ Настройки редактора Godot:

  • Set Dotnet -> Editor -> External Editor to Visual Studio.

Примечание

If you see an error like "Unable to find package Godot.NET.Sdk", your NuGet configuration may be incorrect and need to be fixed.

A simple way to fix the NuGet configuration file is to regenerate it. In a file explorer window, go to %AppData%\NuGet. Rename or delete the NuGet.Config file. When you build your Godot project again, the file will be automatically created with default values.

Создание C# скрипта

После успешной настройки C# в Godot, вы должны увидеть новую опцию выбора — из контекстного меню прикрепляемого к сцене скрипта:

../../../_images/attachcsharpscript.webp

Note that while some specifics change, most concepts work the same when using C# for scripting. If you're new to Godot, you may want to follow the tutorials on Языки сценариев at this point. While some documentation pages still lack C# examples, most notions can be transferred from GDScript.

Настройка проекта и рабочего процесса

When you create the first C# script, Godot initializes the C# project files for your Godot project. This includes generating a C# solution (.sln) and a project file (.csproj), as well as some utility files and folders (.godot/mono). All of these but .godot/mono are important and should be committed to your version control system. Everything under .godot can be safely added to the ignore list of your VCS. When troubleshooting, it can sometimes help to delete the .godot/mono folder and let it regenerate.

Пример

Это пустой C# скрипт с некоторыми комментариями, чтобы продемонстрировать, как он работает.

using Godot;

public partial class YourCustomClass : Node
{
    // Member variables here, example:
    private int _a = 2;
    private string _b = "textvar";

    public override void _Ready()
    {
        // Called every time the node is added to the scene.
        // Initialization here.
        GD.Print("Hello from C# to Godot :)");
    }

    public override void _Process(double delta)
    {
        // Called every frame. Delta is time since the last frame.
        // Update game logic here.
    }
}

As you can see, functions normally in global scope in GDScript like Godot's print function are available in the GD static class which is part of the Godot namespace. For a full list of methods in the GD class, see the class reference pages for @GDScript and @GlobalScope.

Примечание

Keep in mind that the class you wish to attach to your node should have the same name as the .cs file. Otherwise, you will get the following error:

"Cannot find class XXX for script res://XXX.cs"

Основные различия между C# и GDScript

В языке C# всё API использует стиль записи PascalCase вместо snake_case, принятого в GDScript/C++. Поля и getters/setters представленны в виде свойств, там где это допустимо. В целом, Godot API на C# стримится быть наиболее наглядным, насколько это возможно.

За дополнительно информацией, обратитесь к странице: API различия C# и GDScript.

Предупреждение

You need to (re)build the project assemblies whenever you want to see new exported variables or signals in the editor. This build can be manually triggered by clicking the Build button in the top right corner of the editor.

../../../_images/build_dotnet1.webp

Вам также потребуется перестроить сборки проекта, чтобы применить изменения в скриптовых "инструментах".

Текущие ограничения и известные проблемы

As C# support is quite new in Godot, there are some growing pains and things that need to be ironed out. Below is a list of the most important issues you should be aware of when diving into C# in Godot, but if in doubt, also take a look over the official issue tracker for .NET issues.

  • Написание плагинов для редактора возможно, но в настоящее время это довольно затруднительно.

  • В данный момент, при выполнении горячей-перезагруки, состояние не сохраняется и не восстанавливается, за исключением экспортируемых переменных.

  • Прикрепленные C# скрипты должны относиться к классу, который имеет имя класса, соответствующее имени файла.

  • There are some methods such as Get()/Set(), Call()/CallDeferred() and signal connection method Connect() that rely on Godot's snake_case API naming conventions. So when using e.g. CallDeferred("AddChild"), AddChild will not work because the API is expecting the original snake_case version add_child. However, you can use any custom properties or methods without this limitation. Prefer using the exposed StringName in the PropertyName, MethodName and SignalName to avoid extra StringName allocations and worrying about snake_case naming.

As of Godot 4.0, exporting .NET projects is supported for desktop platforms (Linux, Windows and macOS). Other platforms will gain support in future 4.x releases.

Common pitfalls

You might encounter the following error when trying to modify some values in Godot objects, e.g. when trying to change the X coordinate of a Node2D:

public partial class MyNode2D : Node2D
{
    public override _Ready()
    {
        Position.X = 100.0f;
        // CS1612: Cannot modify the return value of 'Node2D.Position' because
        // it is not a variable.
    }
}

This is perfectly normal. Structs (in this example, a Vector2) in C# are copied on assignment, meaning that when you retrieve such an object from a property or an indexer, you get a copy of it, not the object itself. Modifying said copy without reassigning it afterwards won't achieve anything.

The workaround is simple: retrieve the entire struct, modify the value you want to modify, and reassign the property.

var newPosition = Position;
newPosition.X = 100.0f;
Position = newPosition;

Since C# 10, it is also possible to use with expressions on structs, allowing you to do the same thing in a single line.

Position = Position with { X = 100.0f };

You can read more about this error on the C# language reference.

Производительность C# в Godot

According to some preliminary benchmarks, the performance of C# in Godot — while generally in the same order of magnitude — is roughly ~4× that of GDScript in some naive cases. C++ is still a little faster; the specifics are going to vary according to your use case. GDScript is likely fast enough for most general scripting workloads.

Most properties of Godot C# objects that are based on GodotObject (e.g. any Node like Control or Node3D like Camera3D) require native (interop) calls as they talk to Godot's C++ core. Consider assigning values of such properties into a local variable if you need to modify or read them multiple times at a single code location:

using Godot;

public partial class YourCustomClass : Node3D
{
    private void ExpensiveReposition()
    {
        for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            // Position is read and set 10 times which incurs native interop.
            // Furthermore the object is repositioned 10 times in 3D space which
            // takes additional time.
            Position += new Vector3(i, i);
        }
    }

    private void Reposition()
    {
        // A variable is used to avoid native interop for Position on every loop.
        var newPosition = Position;
        for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            newPosition += new Vector3(i, i);
        }
        // Setting Position only once avoids native interop and repositioning in 3D space.
        Position = newPosition;
    }
}

Passing raw arrays (such as byte[]) or string to Godot's C# API requires marshalling which is comparatively pricey.

The implicit conversion from string to NodePath or StringName incur both the native interop and marshalling costs as the string has to be marshalled and passed to the respective native constructor.

Использование пакетов NuGet в Godot

NuGet пакеты могут быть установлены и использованы вместе с Godot, как и в любом другом C# проекте. Множество IDE способны добавлять пакеты напрямую. Если необходимо, вы можете добавить их вручную, добавив ссылку на пакет в .csproj файл, который расположен в корне проекта:

    <ItemGroup>
        <PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="11.0.2" />
    </ItemGroup>
    ...
</Project>

Начиная с Godot 3.2.3, Godot автоматически загружает и устанавливает недавно добавленные пакеты NuGet при следующей сборке проекта.

Профилирование вашего C# кода

The following tools may be used for performance and memory profiling of your managed code:

  • JetBrains Rider with dotTrace/dotMemory plugin.

  • Standalone JetBrains dotTrace/dotMemory.

  • Visual Studio.

Profiling managed and unmanaged code at once is possible with both JetBrains tools and Visual Studio, but limited to Windows.