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Статическая типизация в GDScript

В этом руководстве вы узнаете:

  • как использовать статическую типизацию в GDScript;

  • эти статические типы могут помочь вам избежать ошибки;

  • that static typing improves your experience with the editor.

Where and how you use this language feature is entirely up to you: you can use it only in some sensitive GDScript files, use it everywhere, or don't use it at all.

Статические типы могут использоваться для переменных, констант, функций, параметров и возвращаемых типов.

Краткий обзор статической типизации

With static typing, GDScript can detect more errors without even running the code. Also type hints give you and your teammates more information as you're working, as the arguments' types show up when you call a method. Static typing improves editor autocompletion and documentation of your scripts.

Imagine you're programming an inventory system. You code an Item class, then an Inventory. To add items to the inventory, the people who work with your code should always pass an Item to the Inventory.add() method. With types, you can enforce this:

class_name Inventory


func add(reference: Item, amount: int = 1):
    var item := find_item(reference)
    if not item:
        item = _instance_item_from_db(reference)
    item.amount += amount

Static types also give you better code completion options. Below, you can see the difference between a dynamic and a static typed completion options.

You've probably encountered a lack of autocomplete suggestions after a dot:

Completion options for dynamic typed code.

This is due to dynamic code. Godot cannot know what value type you're passing to the function. If you write the type explicitly however, you will get all methods, properties, constants, etc. from the value:

Completion options for static typed code.

Совет

If you prefer static typing, we recommend enabling the Text Editor > Completion > Add Type Hints editor setting. Also consider enabling some warnings that are disabled by default.

Also, typed GDScript improves performance by using optimized opcodes when operand/argument types are known at compile time. More GDScript optimizations are planned in the future, such as JIT/AOT compilation.

В целом, типизированное программирование дает вам более структурированный опыт. Это помогает предотвратить ошибки и улучшает аспект самодокументирования ваших скриптов. Это особенно полезно, когда вы работаете в команде или над долгосрочным проектом: исследования показали, что разработчики проводят большую часть своего времени за чтением чужого кода или скриптов, которые они написали в прошлом и о которых забыли. Чем яснее и структурированнее код, тем быстрее его понять, тем быстрее вы сможете двигаться вперед.

Как использовать статическую типизацию

To define the type of a variable, parameter, or constant, write a colon after the name, followed by its type. E.g. var health: int. This forces the variable's type to always stay the same:

var damage: float = 10.5
const MOVE_SPEED: float = 50.0
func sum(a: float = 0.0, b: float = 0.0) -> float:
    return a + b

Godot will try to infer types if you write a colon, but you omit the type:

var damage := 10.5
const MOVE_SPEED := 50.0
func sum(a := 0.0, b := 0.0) -> float:
    return a + b

Примечание

  1. There is no difference between = and := for constants.

  2. You don't need to write type hints for constants, as Godot sets it automatically from the assigned value. But you can still do so to make the intent of your code clearer. Also, this is useful for typed arrays (like const A: Array[int] = [1, 2, 3]), since untyped arrays are used by default.

What can be a type hint

Here is a complete list of what can be used as a type hint:

  1. Variant. Any type. In most cases this is not much different from an untyped declaration, but increases readability. As a return type, forces the function to explicitly return some value.

  2. (Only return type) void. Indicates that the function does not return any value.

  3. Built-in

  4. Native classes (Object, Node, Area2D, Camera2D, etc.).

  5. Global classes.

  6. Inner classes.

  7. Global, native and custom named enums. Note that an enum type is just an int, there is no guarantee that the value belongs to the set of enum values.

  8. Constants (including local ones) if they contain a preloaded class or enum.

You can use any class, including your custom classes, as types. There are two ways to use them in scripts. The first method is to preload the script you want to use as a type in a constant:

const Rifle = preload("res://player/weapons/rifle.gd")
var my_rifle: Rifle

The second method is to use the class_name keyword when you create. For the example above, your rifle.gd would look like this:

class_name Rifle
extends Node2D

If you use class_name, Godot registers the Rifle type globally in the editor, and you can use it anywhere, without having to preload it into a constant:

var my_rifle: Rifle

Specify the return type of a function with the arrow ->

To define the return type of a function, write a dash and a right angle bracket -> after its declaration, followed by the return type:

func _process(delta: float) -> void:
    pass

The type void means the function does not return anything. You can use any type, as with variables:

func hit(damage: float) -> bool:
    health_points -= damage
    return health_points <= 0

You can also use your own classes as return types:

# Adds an item to the inventory and returns it.
func add(reference: Item, amount: int) -> Item:
    var item: Item = find_item(reference)
    if not item:
        item = ItemDatabase.get_instance(reference)

    item.amount += amount
    return item

Covariance and contravariance

When inheriting base class methods, you should follow the Liskov substitution principle.

Covariance: When you inherit a method, you can specify a return type that is more specific (subtype) than the parent method.

Contravariance: When you inherit a method, you can specify a parameter type that is less specific (supertype) than the parent method.

Example:

class_name Parent


func get_property(param: Label) -> Node:
    # ...

class_name Child extends Parent


# `Control` is a supertype of `Label`.
# `Node2D` is a subtype of `Node`.
func get_property(param: Control) -> Node2D:
    # ...

Specify the element type of an Array

To define the type of an Array, enclose the type name in [].

An array's type applies to for loop variables, as well as some operators like [], []=, and +. Array methods (such as push_back) and other operators (such as ==) are still untyped. Built-in types, native and custom classes, and enums may be used as element types. Nested array types are not supported.

var scores: Array[int] = [10, 20, 30]
var vehicles: Array[Node] = [$Car, $Plane]
var items: Array[Item] = [Item.new()]
# var arrays: Array[Array] -- disallowed

for score in scores:
    # score has type `int`

# The following would be errors:
scores += vehicles
var s: String = scores[0]
scores[0] = "lots"

Since Godot 4.2, you can also specify a type for the loop variable in a for loop. For instance, you can write:

var names = ["John", "Marta", "Samantha", "Jimmy"]
for name: String in names:
    pass

The array will remain untyped, but the name variable within the for loop will always be of String type.

Type casting

Type casting is an important concept in typed languages. Casting is the conversion of a value from one type to another.

Imagine an Enemy in your game, that extends Area2D. You want it to collide with the Player, a CharacterBody2D with a script called PlayerController attached to it. You use the body_entered signal to detect the collision. With typed code, the body you detect is going to be a generic PhysicsBody2D, and not your PlayerController on the _on_body_entered callback.

You can check if this PhysicsBody2D is your Player with the as keyword, and using the colon : again to force the variable to use this type. This forces the variable to stick to the PlayerController type:

func _on_body_entered(body: PhysicsBody2D) -> void:
    var player := body as PlayerController
    if not player:
        return

    player.damage()

As we're dealing with a custom type, if the body doesn't extend PlayerController, the player variable will be set to null. We can use this to check if the body is the player or not. We will also get full autocompletion on the player variable thanks to that cast.

Примечание

The as keyword silently casts the variable to null in case of a type mismatch at runtime, without an error/warning. While this may be convenient in some cases, it can also lead to bugs. Use the as keyword only if this behavior is intended. A safer alternative is to use the is keyword:

if not (body is PlayerController):
    push_error("Bug: body is not PlayerController.")

var player: PlayerController = body
if not player:
    return

player.damage()

or assert() statement:

assert(body is PlayerController, "Bug: body is not PlayerController.")

var player: PlayerController = body
if not player:
    return

player.damage()

Примечание

Если вы попытаетесь выполнить приведение со встроенным типом, и это не удастся, Godot выдаст ошибку.

Безопасные строки

You can also use casting to ensure safe lines. Safe lines are a tool to tell you when ambiguous lines of code are type-safe. As you can mix and match typed and dynamic code, at times, Godot doesn't have enough information to know if an instruction will trigger an error or not at runtime.

Это происходит, когда вы получаете дочерний узел. Возьмем, к примеру, таймер: с динамическим кодом вы можете получить узел с помощью $Timer. GDScript поддерживает Утиную типизацию, поэтому даже если ваш таймер имеет тип Timer, он также является Node и Object, два класса которые он расширяет. В динамическом GDScript вы также не заботитесь о типе узла, если у него есть необходимые вам методы для вызова.

You can use casting to tell Godot the type you expect when you get a node: ($Timer as Timer), ($Player as CharacterBody2D), etc. Godot will ensure the type works and if so, the line number will turn green at the left of the script editor.

Unsafe vs Safe Line

Небезопасная строка (строка 7) против Безопасных Строк (строки 6 и 8)

Примечание

Safe lines do not always mean better or more reliable code. See the note above about the as keyword. For example:

@onready var node_1 := $Node1 as Type1 # Safe line.
@onready var node_2: Type2 = $Node2 # Unsafe line.

Even though node_2 declaration is marked as an unsafe line, it is more reliable than node_1 declaration. Because if you change the node type in the scene and accidentally forget to change it in the script, the error will be detected immediately when the scene is loaded. Unlike node_1, which will be silently cast to null and the error will be detected later.

Примечание

Вы можете отключить безопасные строки или изменить их цвет в настройках редактора.

Типизированный или динамичный: придерживайтесь одного стиля

Типизированный GDScript и динамический GDScript могут сосуществовать в одном проекте. Но рекомендуется придерживаться единого стиля написания вашего кода. Всем будет проще понимать код, если все будет использоваться единый стиль написания.

Typed code takes a little more writing, but you get the benefits we discussed above. Here's an example of the same, empty script, in a dynamic style:

extends Node


func _ready():
    pass


func _process(delta):
    pass

And with static typing:

extends Node


func _ready() -> void:
    pass


func _process(delta: float) -> void:
    pass

As you can see, you can also use types with the engine's virtual methods. Signal callbacks, like any methods, can also use types. Here's a body_entered signal in a dynamic style:

func _on_area_2d_body_entered(body):
    pass

And the same callback, with type hints:

func _on_area_entered(area: CollisionObject2D) -> void:
    pass

Система предупреждений

Примечание

Detailed documentation about the GDScript warning system has been moved to Система предупреждений GDScript.

From version 3.1, Godot gives you warnings about your code as you write it: the engine identifies sections of your code that may lead to issues at runtime, but lets you decide whether or not you want to leave the code as it is.

We have a number of warnings aimed specifically at users of typed GDScript. By default, these warnings are disabled, you can enable them in Project Settings (Debug > GDScript, make sure Advanced Settings is enabled).

You can enable the UNTYPED_DECLARATION warning if you want to always use static types. Additionally, you can enable the INFERRED_DECLARATION warning if you prefer a more readable and reliable, but more verbose syntax.

UNSAFE_* warnings make unsafe operations more noticeable, than unsafe lines. Currently, UNSAFE_* warnings do not cover all cases that unsafe lines cover.

Common unsafe operations and their safe counterparts

UNSAFE_PROPERTY_ACCESS and UNSAFE_METHOD_ACCESS warnings

In this example, we aim to set a property and call a method on an object that has a script attached with class_name MyScript and that extends Node2D. If we have a reference to the object as a Node2D (for instance, as it was passed to us by the physics system), we can first check if the property and method exist and then set and call them if they do:

if "some_property" in node_2d:
    node_2d.some_property = 20  # Produces UNSAFE_PROPERTY_ACCESS warning.

if node_2d.has_method("some_function"):
    node_2d.some_function()  # Produces UNSAFE_METHOD_ACCESS warning.

However, this code will produce UNSAFE_PROPERTY_ACCESS and UNSAFE_METHOD_ACCESS warnings as the property and method are not present in the referenced type - in this case a Node2D. To make these operations safe, you can first check if the object is of type MyScript using the is keyword and then declare a variable with the type MyScript on which you can set its properties and call its methods:

if node_2d is MyScript:
    var my_script: MyScript = node_2d
    my_script.some_property = 20
    my_script.some_function()

Alternatively, you can declare a variable and use the as operator to try to cast the object. You'll then want to check whether the cast was successful by confirming that the variable was assigned:

var my_script := node_2d as MyScript
if my_script != null:
    my_script.some_property = 20
    my_script.some_function()

UNSAFE_CAST warning

In this example, we would like the label connected to an object entering our collision area to show the area's name. Once the object enters the collision area, the physics system sends a signal with a Node2D object, and the most straightforward (but not statically typed) solution to do what we want could be achieved like this:

func _on_body_entered(body: Node2D) -> void:
    body.label.text = name  # Produces UNSAFE_PROPERTY_ACCESS warning.

This piece of code produces an UNSAFE_PROPERTY_ACCESS warning because label is not defined in Node2D. To solve this, we could first check if the label property exist and cast it to type Label before settings its text property like so:

func _on_body_entered(body: Node2D) -> void:
    if "label" in body:
        (body.label as Label).text = name  # Produces UNSAFE_CAST warning.

However, this produces an UNSAFE_CAST warning because body.label is of a Variant type. To safely get the property in the type you want, you can use the Object.get() method which returns the object as a Variant value or returns null if the property doesn't exist. You can then determine whether the property contains an object of the right type using the is keyword, and finally declare a statically typed variable with the object:

func _on_body_entered(body: Node2D) -> void:
    var label_variant: Variant = body.get("label")
    if label_variant is Label:
        var label: Label = label_variant
        label.text = name

Cases where you can't specify types

To wrap up this introduction, let's mention cases where you can't use type hints. This will trigger a syntax error.

  1. You can't specify the type of individual elements in an array or a dictionary:

    var enemies: Array = [$Goblin: Enemy, $Zombie: Enemy]
var character: Dictionary = {
    name: String = "Richard",
    money: int = 1000,
    inventory: Inventory = $Inventory,
}

  2. Nested types are not currently supported:

    var teams: Array[Array[Character]] = []

  3. Typed dictionaries are not currently supported:

    var map: Dictionary[Vector2i, Item] = {}

Подведение итогов

Typed GDScript is a powerful tool. It helps you write more structured code, avoid common errors, and create scalable and reliable systems. Static types improve GDScript performance and more optimizations are planned for the future.