Creating your first script

In this lesson, you will code your first script to make the Godot icon turn in circles using GDScript. As we mentioned in the introduction, we assume you have programming foundations.

Ver também

To learn more about GDScript, its keywords, and its syntax, head to the GDScript reference.

Configuração do projeto

Please create a new project to start with a clean slate. Your project should contain one picture: the Godot icon, which we often use for prototyping in the community.

We need to create a Sprite node to display it in the game. In the Scene dock, click the Other Node button.

Type "Sprite" in the search bar to filter nodes and double-click on Sprite to create the node.

Your Scene tab should now only have a Sprite node.

A Sprite node needs a texture to display. In the Inspector on the right, you can see that the Texture property says "[empty]". To display the Godot icon, click and drag the file icon.png from the FileSystem dock onto the Texture slot.

Nota

You can create Sprite nodes automatically by dragging and dropping images on the viewport.

Then, click and drag the icon in the viewport to center it in the game view.

Creating a new script

To create and attach a new script to our node, right-click on Sprite in the scene dock and select "Attach Script".

The Attach Node Script window appears. It allows you to select the script's language and file path, among other options.

Change the Template from Default to Empty to start with a clean file. Leave the other options by default and click the Create button to create the script.

The Script workspace should appear with your new Sprite.gd file open and the following line of code:

GDScript

extends Sprite

Every GDScript file is implicitly a class. The extends keyword defines the class this script inherits or extends. In this case, it's Sprite, meaning our script will get access to all the properties and functions of the Sprite node, including classes it extends, like Node2D, CanvasItem, and Node.

Nota

In GDScript, if you omit the line with the extends keyword, your class will implicitly extend Reference, which Godot uses to manage your application's memory.

Inherited properties include the ones you can see in the Inspector dock, like our node's texture.

Nota

By default, the Inspector displays a node's properties in "Title Case", with capitalized words separated by a space. In GDScript code, these properties are in "snake_case", lowercase, and words separated by an underscore.

You can hover any property's name in the Inspector to see a description and its identifier in code.

Hello, world!

Our script currently doesn't do anything. Let's make it print the text "Hello, world!" to the Output bottom panel to get started.

Add the following code to your script:

GDScript

func _init():
    print("Hello, world!")

Let's break it down. The func keyword defines a new function named _init. This is a special name for our class's constructor. The engine calls _init() on every object or node upon creating it in memory, if you define this function.

Nota

GDScript is an indent-based language. The tab at the start of the line that says print() is necessary for the code to work. If you omit it or don't indent a line correctly, the editor will highlight it in red and display the following error message: "Unexpected indentation."

Save the scene if you haven't already, then press F6 to run it. Look at the Output bottom panel that expands. It should display "Hello, world!"

Delete the _init() function, so you're only left with the line extends Sprite.

Turning around

It's time to make our node move and rotate. To do so, we're going to add two member variables to our script: the movement speed in pixels per second and the angular speed in radians per second.

GDScript

extends Sprite

var speed = 400
var angular_speed = PI

Member variables sit at the top of the script, before functions. Every node instance with this script attached to it will have its own copy of the speed and angular_speed properties.

Nota

As in some other engines, angles in Godot work in radians by default, but you have built-in functions and properties available if you prefer to calculate angles in degrees instead.

To move our icon, we need to update its position and rotation every frame in the game loop. We can use the _process() virtual function of the Node class. If you define it in any class that extends the Node class, like Sprite, Godot will call the function every frame and pass it an argument named delta, the time elapsed since the last frame.

Nota

Games work by rendering many images per second, each called a frame, and they do so in a loop. We measure the rate at which a game produces images in Frames Per Second (FPS). Most games aim for 60 FPS, although you might find figures like 30 FPS on slower mobile devices or 90 to 240 for virtual reality games.

The engine and game developers do their best to update the game world and render images at a constant time interval, but there are always small variations in frame render times. That's why the engine provides us with this delta time value, making our motion independent of our framerate.

At the bottom of the script, define the function:

GDScript

func _process(delta):
    rotation += angular_speed * delta

The func keyword defines a new function. After it, we have to write the function's name and arguments it takes in parentheses. A colon ends the definition, and the indented blocks that follow are the function's content or instructions.

Nota

Notice how _process(), like _init(), starts with a leading underscore. By convention, Godot's virtual functions, that is to say, built-in functions you can override to communicate with the engine, start with an underscore.

The line inside the function, rotation += angular_speed * delta, increments our sprite's rotation every frame. Here, rotation is a property inherited from the class Node2D, which Sprite extends. It controls the rotation of our node and works with radians.

Dica

In the code editor, you can ctrl-click on any built-in property or function like position, rotation, or _process to open the corresponding documentation in a new tab.

Run the scene to see the Godot icon turn in-place.

Moving forward

Let's now make the node move. Add the following two lines to the _process() function, ensuring the new lines are indented the same way as the one before them.

GDScript

var velocity = Vector2.UP.rotated(rotation) * speed

position += velocity * delta

As we already saw, the var keyword defines a new variable. If you put it at the top of the script, it defines a property of the class. Inside a function, it defines a local variable: it only exists within the function's scope.

We define a local variable named velocity, a 2D vector representing both a direction and a speed. To make the node move forward, we start from the Vector2 class's constant Vector2.UP, a vector pointing up, and rotate it by calling the Vector2.rotated() method. This expression, Vector2.UP.rotated(rotation), is a vector pointing forward relative to our icon. Multiplied by our speed property, it gives us a velocity we can use to move the node forward.

We add velocity * delta to the node's position to move it. The position itself is of type Vector2, a built-in type in Godot representing a 2D vector.

Run the scene to see the Godot head run in circles.

Nota

Moving a node like that does not take into account colliding with walls or the floor. In Seu primeiro jogo 2D, you will learn another approach to moving objects while detecting collisions.

Our node currently moves by itself. In the next part Listening to player input, we'll use player input to control it.

Complete script

Here is the complete Sprite.gd file for reference.

GDScript

extends Sprite

var speed = 400
var angular_speed = PI


func _process(delta):
    rotation += angular_speed * delta

    var velocity = Vector2.UP.rotated(rotation) * speed

    position += velocity * delta